Types of Volcanic Landform:Cinder Cone Volcano

Cinder Cone Natural Area Lassen Volcanic National Park PO Box 100 Mineral, California 96063 USA

Cinder cone or Scoria cone is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as either volcanic clinkers, cinders, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent.They consist of loose pyroclastic debris formed by explosive eruptions or lava fountains from a single, typically cylindrical, vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as either cinders, clinkers, or scoria around the vent to form a cone that often is symmetrical; with slopes between 30–40°; and a nearly circular ground plan. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit.

In a cinder cone, lava erupts from a small vent in the crust and 'sprays' melted rock fragments into the air where they then fall back to earth in a pile. These rock fragments are glassy, gas-filled chunks of lava called cinders or scoriathat cool rapidly as they sail through the air and land next to the vent opening, slowly accumulating in the geometric shape of a cone. Some of the most dramatic volcanic eruptions are these displays of lava fountains shooting sparkling, glowing glass-like rock fragments into the air from cinder cones.

Although they can refer to a part of a volcano cinder cones, or scoria cones, are actually volcanoes themselves. Cinder cone volcanoes are the volcanoes that most people think of when they picture a volcano erupting. That is because these are the ones that have a cone-shaped peak most people have come to associate with volcanoes in general. The main feature of cinder cone volcanoes is their conical shape together with steeply angled sides.

You are most likely to find this type of volcano near other larger volcanoes and these are relatively small in comparison. They are frequently near calderas, stratovolcanoes and shield volcanoes. They can range from tens of meters to hundreds and will usually be created over much shorter periods of time than other volcanoes. In addition, they will generally be topped by a crater at their summit.

Cinder cones form when steam and other underground gases push liquid rock through a vent, or hole, in the Earth's surface, blasting red-hot blobs of material into the air. The blobs cool into cinders -- small stones ranging in size from sand particles to pebbles. The cinders build up over time, creating the bulk of the volcano.Cinder cones typically develop to the side of other volcanoes, such as shield volcanoes or calderas. You can find cinder cones on every continent, wherever volcanoes have been active.

Because of the forceful nature of their formation process, cinder cones can build up rapidly over the course of a few years, rather than over hundreds of years.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CINDER CONE VOLCANO

• Steepest type of volcano

• Has an bowl-shaped craters

Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings. Cinder cones are numerous in western North America as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world.

Schematic representation of the internal structure of a typical cinder cone

As their name suggests, cinder cones consist of cinders, more properly called scoria. Scoria is very vesicular, low densitybasalt. Lava fountains are driven by expanding gas bubbles; the bubbles are trying to expand in all directions but the only way to relieve the pressure is up out the vent so fountains are usually directed relatively vertically. The Pu'u 'O'o fountains were at times up to 350 m high, and those during the early stages of the Mauna Ulu eruption were up to 500 m high. Because the pyroclasts are thrown so high, they cool before they land and don't stick together.

Cinder cones can also be distinctly asymmetric if there was a persistent wind blowing during the eruption and/or they form at the heads of major lava flows. In this second instance they are horseshoe-shaped (see below), with the lava flow issuing out of the open end because during the eruption any pyroclasts that landed on the flow were rafted away.

Mt.Paricutin in Mexico that grow in the middle of the field of corn in 1943.

Paricutin volcano, also known as 'Volcan de Paricutin' is located in the state of Michoacan, Mexico. It is one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. It is famous because it is the youngest volcano to form in the Northern Hemisphere, developing in a farmer's cornfield. The lava flow from the volcano smothered the Mexican villages of Paricutin and San Juan Parangaricutiro.

On February 20, 1943, Dionisio Pulido was working in his cornfield just outside the Tarascan Indian village of Paricutin, Mexico.

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